-
1 LD
1) Общая лексика: functional logic diagrams, hum. сокр. Lactic Dehydrogenase2) Компьютерная техника: Local Device, Logical Disk3) Авиация: landing distance4) Медицина: Labor & Delivery, разница латентностей (latency difference)5) Военный термин: Laser Defense, Leadership Developer, Light Dragoons, Light Duty, Limited Deployment, Loaded Deployability, London Division, laser designator, laser detector, lateral drift, launching division, length-diameter, level detector, liaison detachment, limited distribution, limited duty, line of departure, line of duty, list of drawings, local delivery, long delay, long distance, long duration, ЛД, летальная токсодоза, рубеж ввода, рубеж перехода в атаку, рубеж развёртывания, смертельная токсодоза, Leavenworth Directorate (LAM TF)6) Техника: laser designation, laser disk, laundry drain, length to diameter, letdown7) Шутливое выражение: Loop Doodle, Lucius Darling8) Юридический термин: Licensed Driver, Link Death, London Drugs, legal description( амер) (Наталья)9) Финансы: заранее оцененные убытки, неустойка, оценочная неустойка, liquidated damages10) Ветеринария: Lyme Disease11) Грубое выражение: Lazy And Dumb, Lazy Dumb, Little Dick, Little Dumbass, Long Dicks, Loser Debate12) Политика: Liberal Democrat, Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadive Islands)13) Телекоммуникации: Laser Diode, Local Directory14) Сокращение: Lab Dollars, Loop Disconnect, Low Density, Low Drag (bombs), leading, line drawing15) Физиология: Logarithm Digitalis16) Электроника: Laserdisc And Dvd, Low Delay17) Вычислительная техника: laserdisc, LAN Destination (ATM), Long Distance (Telephony)18) Нефть: dimensionless well length, laid down, land, lay down, laying down19) Картография: London District20) Банковское дело: залоговое письмо (letter of deposit)21) Фирменный знак: Lucid Dreams22) Экология: lethal dose23) СМИ: Laser Disc24) Деловая лексика: Labor Demanded, Leased Departments, Legal Department, погрузка разгрузка25) Бурение: заложенный (laid down; о фундаменте), опущенный (laid down), уложенный (laid down)26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: linear detector, летальная доза (lethal dose)27) Образование: Learning Differences, Learning Differently, Learning Disability, Learning Disabled, Learns Differently28) Валютные операции: ливийский динар29) Инвестиции: letter of deposit30) Программирование: List Designs, List Directory, лестничные диаграммы (схемы) (стандартный язык программирования IEC 61131-3, см. также Robert W. Lewis; Karl-Heinz John; Bonfatti F.; IEC 61131-1 (ГОСТ Р 51840-2001)), Ladder Diagrams, многозвенные диаграммы (схемы), релейные (релейно-контактные) схемы31) Химическое оружие: (50) Lethal dosage, (50) lethal dose, (min) minimum lethal dose, (min) минимальная смертельная доза33) Макаров: lighting director34) Расширение файла: Long Distance codes file (Telix)35) Светотехника: художник по свету ( lighting designer)36) Нефть и газ: derivative block37) Современное выражение: светодизайнер (light designer)38) Должность: Licensed Dietitian39) Чат: Later Dude, Lovey Dovey40) Клинические исследования: лазерная дифракция -
2 Ld
1) Общая лексика: functional logic diagrams, hum. сокр. Lactic Dehydrogenase2) Компьютерная техника: Local Device, Logical Disk3) Авиация: landing distance4) Медицина: Labor & Delivery, разница латентностей (latency difference)5) Военный термин: Laser Defense, Leadership Developer, Light Dragoons, Light Duty, Limited Deployment, Loaded Deployability, London Division, laser designator, laser detector, lateral drift, launching division, length-diameter, level detector, liaison detachment, limited distribution, limited duty, line of departure, line of duty, list of drawings, local delivery, long delay, long distance, long duration, ЛД, летальная токсодоза, рубеж ввода, рубеж перехода в атаку, рубеж развёртывания, смертельная токсодоза, Leavenworth Directorate (LAM TF)6) Техника: laser designation, laser disk, laundry drain, length to diameter, letdown7) Шутливое выражение: Loop Doodle, Lucius Darling8) Юридический термин: Licensed Driver, Link Death, London Drugs, legal description( амер) (Наталья)9) Финансы: заранее оцененные убытки, неустойка, оценочная неустойка, liquidated damages10) Ветеринария: Lyme Disease11) Грубое выражение: Lazy And Dumb, Lazy Dumb, Little Dick, Little Dumbass, Long Dicks, Loser Debate12) Политика: Liberal Democrat, Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadive Islands)13) Телекоммуникации: Laser Diode, Local Directory14) Сокращение: Lab Dollars, Loop Disconnect, Low Density, Low Drag (bombs), leading, line drawing15) Физиология: Logarithm Digitalis16) Электроника: Laserdisc And Dvd, Low Delay17) Вычислительная техника: laserdisc, LAN Destination (ATM), Long Distance (Telephony)18) Нефть: dimensionless well length, laid down, land, lay down, laying down19) Картография: London District20) Банковское дело: залоговое письмо (letter of deposit)21) Фирменный знак: Lucid Dreams22) Экология: lethal dose23) СМИ: Laser Disc24) Деловая лексика: Labor Demanded, Leased Departments, Legal Department, погрузка разгрузка25) Бурение: заложенный (laid down; о фундаменте), опущенный (laid down), уложенный (laid down)26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: linear detector, летальная доза (lethal dose)27) Образование: Learning Differences, Learning Differently, Learning Disability, Learning Disabled, Learns Differently28) Валютные операции: ливийский динар29) Инвестиции: letter of deposit30) Программирование: List Designs, List Directory, лестничные диаграммы (схемы) (стандартный язык программирования IEC 61131-3, см. также Robert W. Lewis; Karl-Heinz John; Bonfatti F.; IEC 61131-1 (ГОСТ Р 51840-2001)), Ladder Diagrams, многозвенные диаграммы (схемы), релейные (релейно-контактные) схемы31) Химическое оружие: (50) Lethal dosage, (50) lethal dose, (min) minimum lethal dose, (min) минимальная смертельная доза33) Макаров: lighting director34) Расширение файла: Long Distance codes file (Telix)35) Светотехника: художник по свету ( lighting designer)36) Нефть и газ: derivative block37) Современное выражение: светодизайнер (light designer)38) Должность: Licensed Dietitian39) Чат: Later Dude, Lovey Dovey40) Клинические исследования: лазерная дифракция -
3 ld
1) Общая лексика: functional logic diagrams, hum. сокр. Lactic Dehydrogenase2) Компьютерная техника: Local Device, Logical Disk3) Авиация: landing distance4) Медицина: Labor & Delivery, разница латентностей (latency difference)5) Военный термин: Laser Defense, Leadership Developer, Light Dragoons, Light Duty, Limited Deployment, Loaded Deployability, London Division, laser designator, laser detector, lateral drift, launching division, length-diameter, level detector, liaison detachment, limited distribution, limited duty, line of departure, line of duty, list of drawings, local delivery, long delay, long distance, long duration, ЛД, летальная токсодоза, рубеж ввода, рубеж перехода в атаку, рубеж развёртывания, смертельная токсодоза, Leavenworth Directorate (LAM TF)6) Техника: laser designation, laser disk, laundry drain, length to diameter, letdown7) Шутливое выражение: Loop Doodle, Lucius Darling8) Юридический термин: Licensed Driver, Link Death, London Drugs, legal description( амер) (Наталья)9) Финансы: заранее оцененные убытки, неустойка, оценочная неустойка, liquidated damages10) Ветеринария: Lyme Disease11) Грубое выражение: Lazy And Dumb, Lazy Dumb, Little Dick, Little Dumbass, Long Dicks, Loser Debate12) Политика: Liberal Democrat, Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadive Islands)13) Телекоммуникации: Laser Diode, Local Directory14) Сокращение: Lab Dollars, Loop Disconnect, Low Density, Low Drag (bombs), leading, line drawing15) Физиология: Logarithm Digitalis16) Электроника: Laserdisc And Dvd, Low Delay17) Вычислительная техника: laserdisc, LAN Destination (ATM), Long Distance (Telephony)18) Нефть: dimensionless well length, laid down, land, lay down, laying down19) Картография: London District20) Банковское дело: залоговое письмо (letter of deposit)21) Фирменный знак: Lucid Dreams22) Экология: lethal dose23) СМИ: Laser Disc24) Деловая лексика: Labor Demanded, Leased Departments, Legal Department, погрузка разгрузка25) Бурение: заложенный (laid down; о фундаменте), опущенный (laid down), уложенный (laid down)26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: linear detector, летальная доза (lethal dose)27) Образование: Learning Differences, Learning Differently, Learning Disability, Learning Disabled, Learns Differently28) Валютные операции: ливийский динар29) Инвестиции: letter of deposit30) Программирование: List Designs, List Directory, лестничные диаграммы (схемы) (стандартный язык программирования IEC 61131-3, см. также Robert W. Lewis; Karl-Heinz John; Bonfatti F.; IEC 61131-1 (ГОСТ Р 51840-2001)), Ladder Diagrams, многозвенные диаграммы (схемы), релейные (релейно-контактные) схемы31) Химическое оружие: (50) Lethal dosage, (50) lethal dose, (min) minimum lethal dose, (min) минимальная смертельная доза33) Макаров: lighting director34) Расширение файла: Long Distance codes file (Telix)35) Светотехника: художник по свету ( lighting designer)36) Нефть и газ: derivative block37) Современное выражение: светодизайнер (light designer)38) Должность: Licensed Dietitian39) Чат: Later Dude, Lovey Dovey40) Клинические исследования: лазерная дифракция -
4 method
метод; процедура; способ- antithetic variate method - average ordinate method - average range method - binary search method - conjugate directions method - conjugate gradient method - control chart method - conventional milling method - correlation function method - decision function method - differential control method - Feynman diagram method - first approximation method - gradient projection method - iterative method - large sample method - large sieve method - least-squares regression method - less than fully efficient method - linearly implicit method - method of adjoint gradient - method of algebraic addition - method of alternating directions - method of balanced blocks - method of complex numbers - method of confidence intervals - method of conformal mappings - method of conjugate directions - method of conjugate gradients - method of cyclic descent - method of detached coefficients - method of disjunction of cases - method of divided differences - method of electrical images - method of elimination of quantifiers - method of empty ball - method of extreme values - method of false position - method of feasible directions - method of finite differences - method of first approximation - method of first entrance - method of fitting constants - method of fixed points - method of full enumeration - method of generating functions - method of geometric exhaustion - method of indefinite coefficients - method of infinite descent - method of interval bisection - method of least absolute values - method of least distance - method of least likelihood - method of maximum likelihood - method of means and standard deviations - method of medians and extreme values - method of minimal change - method of minimal variance - method of mirror reflections - method of moving frame - method of multiple comparison - method of orthogonal projections - method of paired associates - method of paired comparisons - method of phase integrals - method of projecting cones - method of proportional parts - method of rotating factors - method of semantic tableaux - method of separation of variables - method of simulaneous displacements - method of stationary phase - method of statistical differentials - method of statistical inference - method of steep variations - method of steepest ascent - method of stochastic approximation - method of straightforward iteration - method of successive displacements - method of successive divisions - method of successive elimination - method of transfinite induction - method of unweighted means - method of variable differences - method of variation of parameters - method of weighted residuals - optimum method - parallel tangents method - precision method - random walk method - recursive method - reduced gradient method - reflected wave method - relative method of measurement - sampling method by variables - statistical sampling method - steepest descent method - time average method -
5 Banu Musa ibn Shakir
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]fl. c.850[br]Arab astronomers and engineers.[br]The Banu were the three sons of Musa ibn Shakir. His origins were unpromising, for he was a robber, but the caliph al-Ma'mun, a great patron of science and learning, took the sons into his academy and had them educated. The eldest and most prominent, Muhammed, took up the study of geometry, logic and astronomy, while another, al- Hasan, also studied geometry. The third, Ahmad, turned to mechanics. Together, the Banu established a group for the translation of texts from antiquity, especially Greece, on science and mechanics. They were responsible for compiling the Kitab al-Hiyal (Book of Ingenious Devices), the first of two major works on mechanics that appeared in the medieval Islamic world. The authors drew freely from earlier Greek writers, particularly Hero and Philon. The work is a technical manual for making devices such as lamps, pipes in spring wells and drinking vessels, most depending on differences in air pressure generated by the movement of liquids. These principles were applied to make a self-filling oil lamp. The work also demonstrated the lifting of heavy weights by means of pulleys. In another work, the Qarastun (Book of the Balance), the Banu showed how different weights could be balanced by varying the distance from the fulcrum.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of Scientific Biography.LRD -
6 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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